Banjir datang lagi

Musim Hujan dah datang....
Masa ni lah banyak benda yang perlu buat, banyak benda yang perlu kita hadapi. pertama nya buah tak dapat lah keluar, kerja2 pun banyak yang tak beres dan masa ni lah orang cari masalah. kena sabar dan tenang. pasti ada jalannya.. sabar

Ratu si anai-anai

petikan dari akbar

Aku tak penah tau pun yang harga benda ni mencecah RM2,500.00 seekor...huyooo

padahal benda ni selalu cari, untuk sendiri jer...bukan semata-mata tenaga batin tu...tapi ratu anai-anai ni memang banyak khasiat nye...untuk ubat lah...seperti, mengembalikan tenaga, sakit-sakit belakang, memanaskan badan, melancarkan darah, macam-macam lah...memang bagus untuk kesihatan kita...dan kat sini, aku ngan member nak tunjuk sedikit cara-cara kitaorang cari ratu si anai-anai ini untuk sedia maklum jer...

Kenalpasti tempat persembunyian ratu si anai-anai @ busut

Tebuk lubang pada busut dengan mengunakan pahat @ chok, sehingga menjumpai sarang anai-anai...

Dengan mengunakan sebatang kayu, kita rosakan sarang anai-anai untuk mencari sarang ratu si anai-anai yang tersembunyi...sarang ratu si anai-anai adalah keras seperti batu...ia adalah berbeza dengan sarang anai-anai lain...memang senang untuk kenal pasti...

Dengan mengunakkan mata pahat @ Chok'...belah kan sarang tersebut untuk mencari bilik ratu si anai-anai...perlu lakukan nya secara cermat...takut-takut terkena ratu tersebut...untuk makluman...setiap satu sarang, hanya mempunyai satu ratu....maknanya setiap busut, hanya ada satu ratu....

Ini lah ratu si anai-anai...aku dah dapat 4..maknanye, dah 4 busut kitaorg gali...dan empat ekor tu..dah RM10,000.00 harga nye...betul ke?...hehe tapi dah dalam perut...RM5,000.00 dalam perut aku dah...hehehe...untuk makluman jugak, HANYA 2 ekor sahaja disaran makan ratu tersebut untuk sekali makan...jangan ambil berlebihan...kerana, ia adalah panas @ mempunyai kesan yang kuat...sekiranya tidak tahan dengan kesannya...darah akan keluar dari hidung pada sesiapa yang tidak tahan dengan kesan sampingan nya...perlu ingat...jangan terlalu gairah untuk mencuba...pastikan mengikut had sediakala...jangan menjadi mangsa ratu si anai-anai...selamat mencuba...hasry

Harvesting & Grading of FFB

1.         INTRODUCTION

The important process in oil palm plantation is to harvest of fresh fruit bunches at the optimum ripeness for maximum oil yields as the content of a fruit bunch is a function of its degree of ripeness. The degree to which the actual ripeness at harvest is reached varies from the standard and will depend particularly on the leght of harvesting round. With long rounds, harvester walking time is reduced as there is a high density of ripe bunches, but this offset by the longer time required collecting the larger amounts of the loose fruits from the riper bunches. FFB grading is the process of inspecting and assessing the quality oil palm fresh fruit bunch by taking random samples of bunches from a consignment at the mill or at the buyer’s premises (FFB dealer).

2.         ESTATE EXPERIENCE AND FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION

In my experience as a field supervisor, the important thing in my job or during harvesting is to ensure the harvester  harvested harvest the ripe bunches, the harvesting interval should be maintained around 14-18 days interval, all harvested FFB must send to the mill within 24 hours. Sometime, I also walking in the harvesting path to ensure no FFB left behind and all loose fruits are collected.

3.          SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION

a.         Fruit Ripenses Standard

The extration rate obtained by a factory is greatly affected by fruit ripeness standards since the oil content of fruit increases rapidly from the time that bunch colour begins to change from black to reddish-orange until full ripeness is achieved. The most usual method of defining the ripeness standard is by reference to the number of loose or detached fruits, with ten loose fruits on the ground being a commonly-used standard.

b.         Harvesting Intervals

In order the intended harvesting intervals to be implemented, the estate management needs to continuously assess the capabillity of its harvesting gang from time to time. This is to ensure that the number of harvesters, FFB and loose fruit collecters is matched with the harvested areas. Harvesting of FFB in plantations are generally planed and organized after ascertaining the following aspects:

·         Area to be harvested (hectare)

·         Harvester gang requirements (persons) – after considering their productivity which depends on their skill and system of operation. Fresh raw recruits are generally less productive than the experience ones.

·         Intended harvesting intervals

The formula to calculate the number of harvesters required to harvest a designated area is given the formula below;

No.of harvested         =                          Total designated hectare__________                        

Harvester productivity  x  Harvesting  intervals      

                                              

c.         Harvesting Operation

Harvesting may be said to comprise the following essential operation:

        i.            Tool preparation. It is essential that the harvested should maintain his tools in good condition with suitable handles and sharp cutting edges.

      ii.            Moving through the area to be harvested and indentifying ripe bunches, preferably by the combined observation of fruit colour and number of loose fruits on the ground.

    iii.            Where bunch cutting cannot be achieved without removing the subtending frond, this has first to be cut and stacked in the inter-row, in such a way that paths and drains are not blocked. If fronds are not moved, they are frequently partially cut and hang down, impeding access to fruit would become nearly imposibble.

    iv.            Cutting the bunch, trimming the bunch stalk as short as possible and dislodging any loose fruit which may have been trapped in frond base axils.

      v.            Picking up bunches and placing them in the wheel-barrow.

    vi.            Collecting all the loose fruits and putting it into the wheel-barrow.

  vii.            Carrying fruit to the collection point. This may be a road-side platform.

viii.            Loading fruit into transport.

    ix.            The operations are usually carried out in plantation by a two-person team, comprising a harvester and carrier, with a separate loading gang working closely with the transport organization.

d.         Controlling Harvesting Standards

Despite the fact harvesting efficiency is so important in relation profitability, through both oil quantity and quality. Regular supervision is required to determine whether maximum efficiency is being obtained. Controlling harvesting standards are as below:

                      i.            Frond removal minimal and in accordance as far as possible, with the policy of retaining two ‘whorls’ of fronds below the lowest fruit bunches for a palm up to 10 years old.

                    ii.            Pruned fronds neatly stacked and clear of all paths and drains.

                  iii.            No ripe bunches missed since these will be very over-ripe by the time of next harvesting round.

                  iv.            No unripe bunches cut, as this will result in loss of oil and kernel.

                    v.            All loose fruit collected.

                  vi.            Avoiding excessive handling and bruising so as to assist in minimizing increases in FFA levels.

                vii.            Bunch stalk should be short since long stalks interfere with loading and also absorb a small amount of oil during initial processing.

              viii.            Shaking out good fruit from poorly- pollinated bunches, with the empty bunches thrown away and not transported to the factory.

                  ix.            No contamination of fruit with soil and other debris especially during loose fruit collection.

                    x.            Fruit transport to the factory with the minimum possible delay, although this is mush less important than careful handling for good quality oil.

Regurlarly checks should be made by field conductor and senior staff of estate. If necessary, penalties for improper practices are to be paid and enforcing penalties is important in maintaining high standard.

e.         Payment for Harvesting

Yields and conditions very between regions and labour laws between countries. Harvesting does lend itself to schemes of payment related to output either in form of strict piece work rates or with production-related incentive or bonus element over basic wage. Most plantations operate one or other of theses methods of payment, calculation for which are either based on the weight of fruit harvested or the number of bunches cut. To facilitate recording of individual harvester weight, each cutter/carrier or team is usually given a number. This is written on a bunch stalk or paper attached to each heap of fruit at the collecting point.

f.         FFB Grading

The main aim of this FFB grading manual is to improve the quality and quantity of cure palm oil and kernel production in Malaysia. The specific of objectives are as follow:

        i.            To improve the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches received at the mills

      ii.            To improve the quality of Malaysian Crude Palm Oil (CPO).

    iii.            To improve the efficiency of oil and kernel extraction rates in the mills.

    iv.            To ensure that the suppliers and millers obtain a fair deal from their transactions.

g.         Sampling Producers

Selected about 50-100 bunches at random as sample from each consignment to be graded. The sample taken should represent the top, middle and bottom portions of the consignment.           The minimum sample size of each consignment to be graded should be determined based on the following criteria:

          i.            If the net weight of the consignment is less than 5 tonnes, the minimum sample size should be 50 bunches.

        ii.            If the net weight of the consignment is 5 tonnes or more, the minimum sample size should be 100 bunches.

The sample size should be economical, practical and able to detect any change in the bunch quality especially the degree of ripeness at 95% level of confidence.

Separate the bunches that have been sampled for grading from the rest of the bunches.

h.         Grading Methods

The sample that has been selected will be graded to determine the quality of the bunches and the extraction rate can be given to the supplier. During grading the followingpractices should be carried out:

        i.            Inspection and Assessment of the bunch quality.

      ii.            Calculation of penalty for the poor quality bunches.

    iii.            Determination of the basis extraction rate.

    iv.            Calculation of the extraction rate.

i.          Grading Form

All observations and calculations during the process of grading must be recorded in the grading form. The particulars that have to be recorded are as follow:

        i.            Net weight.

      ii.            Number of bunches.

    iii.            Average bunch weight

    iv.            Number of percentage of ripe bunch.

      v.            Number of percentage of unripe bunch.

    vi.            Number of percentage of under ripe bunch.

  vii.            Number of percentage of rotten bunch.

viii.            Number of percentage of empty bunch.

    ix.            Number of percentage of dirty bunch.

      x.            Number of percentage of long stalk bunch.

    xi.            Number of percentage of dura bunch.

  xii.            Number of percentage of old bunch.

xiii.            Number of percentage of wet bunch.

xiv.            Observation on bunch quality.

  xv.            Name and signature of grading officer.

4.         CONCLUSION

Harvesting is the important role and exerts considerable influence on both oil extraction rates and the final oil quality (CPO). If we harvest the poor quality bunches, it will lead to low and high FFA. The aim of good harvesting technique is to obtain the maximum amount of good quality oil in the most economical manner. Beside, good grading practices should also be adapted to achieve high OER and quality of CPO.

5.         REFERENCES

        i.            Lecturer and Lecture notes, sem II Oil Palm Management & Technology 2011

      ii.            Management and staff/workers NSOP, Ladang Ibam,

    iii.            Chin Teck Plantation Sdn Bhd, Gemima Estate,PD

Potret 2012 hasil tangan aku...

Yang aku nyer...

Potret keluarga

Daniel masuk wad muadzam shah

Masuk wad pada 7 april 2012 di hospital muadzam shah, pahang...Kesian nye daniel...dia kena wabak cirit- birit, muntah pahtu demam panas pulak...Kebetulan aku balik dari gua musang nak pergi kahang ada sedikit urusan kerja kat sana...alih-alih esok nya, daniel sakit pulak...emm, duduk wad ngan dia sekali...terpaksa batal lawatan kerja aku ke kahang tu...daniel masuk wad dari 7hb hingga 10hb...puas jugak duduk kat wad ni...aku baring jer sekatil ngan daniel... 

Bila ok sikit aku ajak dia jalan-jalan kat corridor hospital ni...letih nampak...

Dah boleh senyum dah...tapi tak boleh keluar lagi...tido lagi kat sini...emm

Daniel sempat main-main laptop...tunggu nak keluar hospital ni...pukul 5 petang keluar hospital...happy lah...balik kedaik...

Orang Asli workers in Gua Musang Estate

Kerja-kerja membaik pulih jambatan telah dilakukan pekerja orang asli dari kampung bala. Sekarang ini, sudah 9 orang pekerja dari kalangan orang asli suku temiar sudah aku interview masuk kerja jadi general workers. Sedikit sebanyak sudah aku ceramah untuk diorang kekal bekerja. Sebab, sebelum aku tiba di estet ni...dah banyak dari kalangan mereka keluar masuk (berhenti). hanya tinggal seorang sahaja ketika aku tiba itu pun driver tractor. Diorang ni perlu ada orang yang selalu bagi semangat, menerima aduan masalah diorang, kalau tak masalah kecil pun, menjadi alasan untuk diorang berhenti...em, camtulah...jadi aku perlu bimbing diorang...kadang-kadang perlu tegas jugak...kalau difikirkan, kerja di estet lebih terjamin berbanding kerja di bandar-bandar...sebab, rumah disediakan, api dan air free, cuma yang perlu kita sediakan adalah makan kita sendiri...tapi perlu berjimat lah, kerja kuat-kuat, rajin ambil OT...baru berkesan kan..kadang-kadang malas kita yang lebih, cukup time sudah...dapat 1 kong...balik...camtu lah selalu...fikir-fikirkan lah ea...

Gadis temiar mengutip biji relai

Angah driver tractor

Pembinaan Jambatan

Sebelum pembinaan jambatan baru...ianya di buat kebanyakkannya mengunakan kayu...tetapi, jambatan tersebut telah musnah di bahamsungai yang amat deras...setelah hujan kuat...biasa lah kat gua musang ni, memang mempunyai kadar hujan yang tinggi...sukar lah kalau kerja di perladangan ni...kalau dah hari-hari hujan, macam-macam yang perlu di hadapi, keadaan jalan yang selalu rosak, bukit selalu runtuh, banjir, macam-macam hal lah...pahtu, HQ plak selalu datang, diorang cakap kitaorang tak buat kerja lah apa lah...ini lah dugaan nye....

Permulaan pembinaan, rangka tiang atau tapak dibina terlebih dahulu bagi menggantikan tiang yang telah rosak. Tiang tersebut perlu dibina atau dibuat dengan lebih teliti supaya ianya kukuh dan kuat. Ini adalah kerana, keadaan arus sungai di ladang gua musang ini adalah deras. Dan ianya akan lebih deras lagi sekiranya hujan tiba. Arus air sungai ini boleh mencecah pada kelajuan 60-100 km sejam apabila hujan lebat di hulu sungai. Selain itu, tiang tersebut mesti lah kuat menahan sebarang hentakan dan tekanan daripada kenderaan mahupun sampah sarap serta kayu balak yang dibawa oleh arus air tersebut.

Setelah tiang selasai dibina dan di concrete kan, pemasangan rangka bagi jambatan dilakukan, semua kerja-kerja tersebut telah dilakukan oleh pekerja estet ini sendiri. Kerja-kerja pemasangan rangka yang memerlukan banyak besi dan perlu di welding secara keseluruhannya. kebanyakannya mengunakan tenaga foreman yang kami ada. seperti di gambar, kami sedang memasang plate bagi menahan concrete simen yang akan diletakkan setelah selesai kerja-kerja pemasangan rangka besi tersebut.

Kerja-kerja pemasangan rangka jambatan selesai dalam masa 2 minggu yang dilalukan oleh foreman yang sudah mempunyai pengalaman dalam pembikinan jambatan di ladang ini juga. Tetapi, pembinaan jambatan kali ini adalah yang terpanjang berbanding yang sedia ada. Keluhan yang kedengaran adalah amat memenatkan. Tetapi, setelah selesai kerja-kerja tersebut, ianya menjadi sesuatu kepuasan.

Jambatan tersebut memerlukan 10 lori simen bagi memenuhi ruang rangka yang dibina. kerja-kerja tersebut adalah di peringkat yang terakhir bagi projek tersebut setelah kerja-kerja pemasangan rangka jambatan selesai.

Setelah segalanya selesai, dan jambatan tersebut sudah boleh digunakan. Jambatan tersebut menjadi laluan terpenting ke blok A,B,C, dan D. Kos bagi pembinaan jambatan tersebut mencecah hampir RM 70,000.00 termasuk bahan mentah, gaji dan lain-lain.

LAND PREPARATION FOR OIL PALM REPLANTING

1.         INTRODUCTION

0il palm replanting is normally carried out after a period of about 25 to 30 years economic life span. Replanting provides an opportunity for the estate to make improvement on the present system such as accessibility for mechanization and re-alignment of road, drain intensity, planting density, and it also can solve the harvesting problem, low yield and prevailing prices of palm product. Replanting is one of the practical strategies to improve oil palm productivity. It provides opportunities for estate to rectify any physical problems or shortcomings that had been encountered in the past and to carry out some improvement for the present system such as planting density, accessibility for mechanization re-alignment of roads, drainage system and etc. The policy of zero burning practice currently adopted in the replanting of oil palm plantation is a good example towards the development of more sustainable practices based on nutrient supply and organic residues management.

2.         ESTATE EXPERIENCE AND FIELD VISIT OBSERVATION

At my working place, Negri Sembilan Oil Palms Berhad, Ladang Ibam have 2,150 hectare and overall age of palms was 21 to 22 years already that was planted on the year 1989 & 1990. We had decided to do the replanting last year for two fields for a year and another two blocks for this year and so on. The field that we selected for replanting (the first two field for replant) because of the yield production is already low and problem for harvesting and transportation. We were started replanted two fields at last year about 212 heactare. For this year, we had done for chipping to another two fields and now on, we are doing the terracing, road, boundary before we start to replant the seedling. Our estate also adopted the zero burning practices. Form my experience to carrying out and preparation for replanting, we must follow all the key practices to ensure high management efficiency comply with environment legislation and best growth and productivity of the new generation of palms. The practices that we have to follow are:-

a)      Planning Procedures

b)      Felling and Shredding

c)      Tillage

d)     Road Construction

e)      Terrace Construction

f)       Construction of chamber/platforms

g)      Drains construction

h)      Water Conservation

i)        Lining

j)        Holing

k)      Transportation and Distribution of seedlings

l)        Planting

m)    Legume cover crop (LCC)

n)      EFB mulching

3.          SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION

a)         Planning Procedures

i.          Planning

Planning is the chalking out of a course of action to achieve a specific objective. The planning is important before the job was started. That is because, the planning will make us to focuses attention on objective, will brings economy into operations, make control possible, helps motivation to us and also planning helps decision-making.

ii.         Planning with Plantation Advisor (PA)

The replanting programme will be formulated by a commitee headed by Head, plantation upstream, primarily based on the group’s age profile for sustainnable yield. Planting materials requirement and nursery establishment to be determined at least one year ahead of the date of planting. The estate manager have to prepare the replanting blueprint and discuss with the PA on the following field operations.

iii.        Perimeter Survey

Carraying out the perimeter survey is to ensure that the replanting area is done on the right time. It is to ensure that fields are equal size and pattern stand per hectare.

iv.        Methods of felling and clearing

Establish direction of planting rows. Arrangements of remnants of shredded trunk root mass, bole and other materials. Method or policy in Ganoderma infected area.

v.         Construction of New Drains

To ensure how the drain layout, intensity and sizes.

vi.        Soil and water conservation

Construction of terraces for contour plantings in the hilly areas. Construction of conservation terraces and moisture conservation pits. To planting the leguminous covers.

vii.       Field planting

To target and proposed month of planting and also the stand per hectare.

b)        Felling and Shredding

Felling the old stand was carried out using an excavator fitted with a chipping bucket. The chipping bucket ‘s cutting edge was made of high tensile carbon steel to ensure effective shredding. The palm trunk and fronds are chipped and shredded to pieces of about 5 - 10 cm thick across at 45O to 60O end angle to allow rapid decomposition of the residues. The shredding operation normally commences from the basal end of the palm trunk.  Bole tissue and bulk of root mass should be completely removed at the time of felling. The size of the bole pits are 2m (L) x 2m (W) x 1.2m (D) for the Ganoderma area and 2m (L) x 2m (W) x 1m (D) for Non-Ganoderma area. The bole pits should be left open for inspection by the management team before closing. The chipped and shedded materials are spread evenly at about 3-4m width to avoid thick pile formation. Each excavator is capable of felling and felling and shreadding 150 – 220 palms per day. For the coastal area, the shredded material should be stacked into the CECT. For inland or undulating area, the palms are planted on straight line, the shredded materials should be stacked at every alternate avenue. Shredded materials should be stacked within the pre-lined stacking rows, 4.27m wide. The stacking rows are to end 4.75m from the road for mechanical access. In contour planting, the shredded materials should be spread out thinly in the inter terrace-slopes, this is done as felling and shredding operation proceed. In the situation where the preparation of new terraces is necessary, the materials can be pushed to the new inter-terrace areas.

Department of Enviroment (DOE) prohibit burning to avoid excessive release of smoke, which has a major effect on the air quality and visibility given the extent of the area undergoing replanting. Zero burning of oil palm biomass at replanting is environment friendly. The deposition of palm residues, which comprises family palm trunk and fronds, contributes significantly to the much needed organic matter for highly weathered tropical soils. This ultimately results in better conservation and protection of the top-soil from erosion and surface run off, due to the supply of organic matter and maintenance of low soil temperature apart from conserving soil moisture.

c)         Tillage

In coastal and inland or undulating areas, 2 rounds of plouging and 1 round of harrowing at 30cm deep to be carried out in all non-stacked area. For the Ganoderma prone area, R&D advice to be sought on an additional inputs on soil tillage.

d)        Roads Construction

The lay-out of road to be determined by the manager. A good all-weathered-road system is vital for effective mechanization. The road system on non-terraced area (<5O slope) with straight planting is 160m intervals (20 palms) for collection roads and 320m (40 pamls) for main roads. On the terraced area, collection roads generally vary between 16-22 palms apart. The length of roads required is generally about 100-120m per ha but can increase considerably on difficult terrain, where it maybe necessary to double the lenght. It is useful to construct the road first (before terracing) and slightly above the terraces to allow the road runoff water to flow to the terraces. Road formation on flat or hilly areas by the bulldozers forms the initial operation of the communication system network design and is carried out in conjunction with the mechanical stacking in flat areas and terracing in hilly areas.

Roadside drains are normally not constructed along the feeder roads as they hamper future harvesting operation. However, it is necessary to construct roadside drains along the main roads of low lying areas where the excavated drain spoil is used to raise up the road surface before gravelling.

The road network in hilly areas usually consists of road cutting through as many terraces as possible but at a gradient not steeper than 10% and the alignment should be preferably done from the top of the hill for better visibility. There are no rigid rules on the road alignment as it could be considered an art of designing. Factors such as optimum road density, effective road gradient and erosion control. 

The following criteria must be taken into consideration when planning the design of the estate:

• Roads must tie up with mechanization
• Roads must be functional
• Roads must be “all-weather”

e)         Terrace Construction

On INLAND or undulating area, planting pattern and terracing needs are usually determined by the degree of slope present. Slope assessments should be made before any terracing and lining work is considered. To facilitate mechanization and to improve soil or water conservation mechanical terrace-paths, sometimes are constructed in between palm rows along the contour.

i)          Conservation Terraces

Normally these are constructed in terrain between 5-10` gradient. Each terrace is spaced every 30m apart and about 3m wide. The cut is deeper at about 20` gradient to check erosion as well as to conserve water. Stop bunds of about 1m wide are constructed every 30m apart along the terraces to prevent lateral erosion. We had tried recently constructed these bunds from uncut soil as they are not washed away. The straight line planting system is used in areas with these terraces.

ii)         Double Terraces

These are terraces constructed in two tiers in areas between 10-20` gradient. The top terrace is the planting row while the bottom terrace is for the movement of vehicles. Double terracing allows mechanization and this concept has not been widely practiced but with more emphasis on mechanization, we do hope it will gain acceptance in the very near future. The total width is the same as that of any single terrace. Besides allowing mechanization of operations even in the early stage, this technique is excellent for erosion control in that there are two tiers of terraces, to check the flow of water.

iii)        Single Terraces

These are the traditional terraces of various widths ranging from 3.5m to 4.5m and are constructed in terrain of more than 20` gradient. Terrace width must cater for mechanization.

The Mechanical terracing is an expensive but it has numerous of advantages to our development:-

1)      Conserve soil

2)      Conserve water

3)      Prevent or reduces fertilizer wash

4)      Easier accessibility for field operations.

5)      Improves crops recovery or productivity

6)      Protect roads

7)      Facilitates

f)         Construction of chamber/platforms

Construction of a chamber/platform at the planting row with a compacted height of 30-45cm may be required in areas where the water table is high (areas to be confirmed by the manager).

g)         Drains construction

The best time to resolve any drainage problem is at the time of land preparation. An excavator is normally used to construct the drains. On wide ravines, the system of foothill drains regularly channeling water into one or more main drains has been found to be superior to other system such as ‘herring bone’ drainage pattern.

For the foothill drain, it must be correctly located at the foothill and the not near foothill to be fully effective. A depth of 60 – 90 cm is normally sufficient but the widht has to take into account the water flow down the hills. Narrow ravines can be drained easily with a central main drain but occasionally scupper drains lead to water from localized low spots are required.

An important aspect of drain construction is that the density and size of drains are dependent on the volume of water to be removed, soil type and depth of water-table. The type and size to be considered are as the following:-

i)          General cross sectioned dimensions of main, collection and subsidiary drains are as follow:-

Type	Top Width (cm)	Bottom Width (cm)	Depth (cm)
Main	300	100	200
Collection	200	60	100
Subsidiary	100	30	75

ii)         For coastal and acid sulphate soil, the drain dimension are as follow:-

Type	Top Width (cm)	Bottom Width (cm)	Depth (cm)
Main	240	120	180
Collection	180	60	135
Subsidiary	105	45	60

iii)        For peat area, the drain dimension are as follow:-

Type	Top Width (cm)	Bottom Width (cm)	Depth (cm)
Main	240	120	180
Collection	180	60	135
Subsidiary	90	45	60

* The subsidiary drains standard practice is 1 drain to every 4 rows of oil palms.

h)        Soil & Water Conservation

It is an important role in oil palm establishment and growth especially in areas receiving high rainfall, or poor soil structure and texture and hilly areas. The factors that can be implemented are as follow:-

        i.            Terrain condition – flat, undulating and hilly.

      ii.            Rainfall – total and distribution of rainfall.

    iii.            Soil type – structure, texture and etc.

i)          Lining

Lining is usually commence soon after completion of land preparation or 1 – 2 months prior to seedlings being planted in the plantation. The main objective of lining is to determine the planting point of seedling and the other objectives are to provide an evenly spaced of palms, to give each palm has the same access to nutrients, water and sunlight and to achieve optimum stand per hectare, the systematic irrigation and harvesting, efficient transportation and to ensuring high yield in the future. The equipment and material should be use or prepare in lining are prismatic compass, 100m tape, wire cable marked with suitably bullets, lining pegs (painted red or white) of 1.2 meter height. Must provided a lining gang consists of about 6 people that has been trained and equipped. The general considerations for lining that we have to remember is an alignment. It should be in a general North-South direction. This will enable optimization of sunlight. An alignment should be parallel to irrigation canal and perpendicular to roads. The straight lining is usually use in flat area. The exact direction and location of the planting rows should be determined during the pre-lining exercise. The pattern of lining should be in tringular. The relation between the planting rows and the planting points distances varies according to the stand per hectare required as shown in the table below:-

Distance between planting rows (m)	Distance between planting points (m)	Stand per Hectare
7.32	8.53	160
7.62	8.84	148
7.92	9.14	136

The terrace lining also can use the Violle Lining System. In this system, the distance between are adjusted to obtain the required SPH. When two terrace are far apart, the distances between palms on the terrace are closer and vice versa. Lining stakes to be feet high and coloured to enable for distant viewing.

j)         Holing

Planting hole to be dug mechanically where possible post-hole digger or by manually. Planting holes of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm dimension should be dug with a 46 cm Auger. Holes should be dug in 15 cm deeper than height of the polybag so as to assist initial root penetration.

k)        Transportation and Distribution of seedlings

Palms should be ‘rocked’ at least 2-4 weeks before planting. During loading and trasporting the seedling, it must be handled carefully. The loader must holding to the polybag or the seedling base to prevent damages to its leaf or shoot. Unloading and distributed close to the planting holes. The supervisor must record the number of seedlings taken out from the nursery and must received in the field at the same quantity. The supervisor also must record all the rejected or culled and planted of the seedling in the field for every day.

l)          Planting

Planting is carried out within 2 months after felling and shredding. Oil palm seedlings should be planted immediately after the lining and holing had been done. Before planting the oil palm seedling, an each of planting hole must be applied with 500 g of Rock Phosphate. Slit the bottom of the polybag using a sharp knife or blade. The seedling must placed into the planting hole by carefully, put it in stable or hefty. Partially, fill the hole with soil and compact it.   

m)       Legume cover crop (LCC)

In oil palm plantation, the establishment of legume cover crop gave a significant and economically higher yield compared to palms with natural covers. The four type of legume cover crop are Calapogonium Mucunoides (CM), Pueraria Javanica (PJ), Calapogonium Caeruleum (CC) and Mucuna Bracteata (MB).

The benefit of planting legume cover crop are:-

            i.            To improve soil structure and texture

          ii.            To minimize soil erosion

        iii.            To prevent growth of noxious weeds

        iv.            To reduce breding site

          v.            To improve soil fertility through decomposition of organic matter, recycling of soil nutrient and nitrogen fixation.

The recommended LCC seedling mixture planted rates per hectare are as follow:-

a)      Pueraria Javanica (PJ) Mix Calapogonium Caeruleum (CC)

LCC Type	Flat/Undulating Area	Terrace Area
PJ	4 kg/ha	3 kg/ha
CC	2 kg/ha	1.5  kg/ha

ii)   Pueraria Javanica (PJ) Mix Mucuna Bracteata (MB).

LCC Type	Flat/Undulating Area	Terrace Area
PJ	6 kg/ha	4 kg/ha
MB	1 plant/palm	1 palnt/palm

n)        EFB mulching

Mulching of palms with empty fruit bunch (EFB) is after planting. Mulch around the palm base with up to 2 rings of EFB at around 25 bunches. The advantages of mulching EFB are:-

        i.            Increasing vegetative vigor and subsequent yield through expected improvement in soil physico-chemical properties

      ii.            Soil moisture regime

    iii.            Root growth and a concomitant reduction in surface wash

    iv.            Leaching and soil surface temperature contributed to creating a conductive environment for good palm establishment

 4.        CONCLUSION

The aim of good development of land preparation on replanting, all the key practices should be followed to ensure high management efficiency comply with environmental legislation and best growth and productivity of new generation of palms. The expenditure cost in this replanting proses are very high but the return in the future is surely high due to high yield and good guality of FFB.

5.         REFERENCES

        i.            Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd, Ladang Salak,PD

      ii.            Management and staff/ workers NSOP, Ladang Ibam

    iii.            Chin Teck Plantation Sdn Bhd, Gemima Estate